Vitamin | Role (importance) in cattle | Deficiency symptoms | Deficiency-related issues |
A | Normal growth Reproduction Epithelial tissue maintenance Vision |
Reduced intake Rough hair coat Slow growth Night blindness |
Lower conception Abortions or stillbirths Abnormal semen Reduced libido |
D | Calcium phosphorus absorption Bone formation Calcium mobilization |
Depressed appetite Digestive disturbances Stiff gait Weakness |
Lower intake Lower growth rate Weak bones Lower conception rate |
E | Antioxidant Immune function Vitamin A uptake Closely linked to selenium |
White muscle disease Heart failure Paralysis Lameness |
Increased sickness Lower growth rate Weak or dead calves Heart failure Lameness |